المَنْطِق
Learn manṭiq, the classical logic of the madrasa
A rule-governed instrument that protects the mind from error in thinking, taught from al-Abharī'sĪsāghūjī: every term with its Arabic, and exercises that check your own reasoning.
Start with the first termTry it
Syllogism checker
Pick a figure and two premises, and see whether they produce a conclusion. If they do not, the checker names the condition of productivity that is broken.
Open the checkerIntroduction (al-muqaddima)
What logic is, and why knowledge divides into conception and assent.
Part I · Conceptions (al-taṣawwurāt)
How we grasp a meaning: utterances, universals and definition, leading to the defining statement (al-qawl al-shāriḥ).
Chapter 1 · Utterances and signification
الأَلْفَاظ وَالدَّلَالَة- Utterance · al-lafẓاللَّفْظ
- Signification by correspondence · dalālat al-muṭābaqaدَلَالَةُ المُطَابَقَة
- Signification by inclusion · dalālat al-taḍammunدَلَالَةُ التَّضَمُّن
- Signification by implication · dalālat al-iltizāmدَلَالَةُ الالْتِزَام
- Universal · al-kullīالكُلِّيّ
- Particular · al-juzʾīالجُزْئِيّ
Chapter 2 · The five universals
الكُلِّيَّات الخَمْسChapter 3 · Definition
التَّعْرِيفPart II · Assents (al-taṣdīqāt)
How we judge something true or false: propositions and argument, leading to the proof (al-ḥujja).